Toxicology International (Formerly Indian Journal of Toxicology)

K. S. Gopi ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, K. Jyothi ¹, B. Anil Kumar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad - 500030, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Experimental study was conducted to evaluate the hepato- and renoprotective effect of silymarin and Terminalia chebula against experimentally-induced acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity in rats. Oral administration of APAP @ 500 mg/kg for 1 to 3 days to all the four groups (six rats in each) resulted in significant elevation of serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and aspartate transaminase activity. Posttreatment with silymarin @ 25 mg/kg and T. chebula 125 mg/kg in groups 2 and 3 and their combination to group 4 from day 4 to 14 has significantly reversed the alterations of above said markers and offered better protection. The results of the study enunciated that silymarin and T. chebula exhibit good hepato- and nephro-protection against APAP toxicity.

Keywords

Acetaminophen, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, silymarin, Terminalia chebula

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G. Dilip Reddy ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, G. Srinivasa Rao ², C. Haritha ¹, K. Jyothi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh - 521 102, IN
2 NTR College of Veterinary Science, Gannavaram, Krishna Dt., Andhra Pradesh - 521 102, IN

Abstract

A total of 56 male Sprague dawley rats of uniform weight and age were randomly divided into seven groups consisting of eight rats in each group. Groups 1, 2, and 3 served as plain control, dyslipidaemic control (DL), and atorvastatin control, respectively. Groups 4, 5, 6, and 7 received 1, 0.5, 0.25, and 0.75% fresh garlic w/w in feed, respectively in addition to the high-fat and high-cholesterol diet and administered with atorvastatin orally for 12 weeks at the rate of 10, 5, 7.5, and 2.5 mg/kg b.wt., respectively. Plasma creatinine was estimated at 4-week intervals, whereas histopathology, electron microscopy, and estimation of TBARS concentration in kidney were conducted at the end of experiment. The TBARS concentration in DL was significantly (P<0.05) increased when compared with groups 1, 3, 6, and 7. On histopathological examination, kidney sections of group 3 had mild degenerative changes in the tubules with fatty change in few tubules, while groups 4 and 5 exhibited mild-tomoderate degenerative and fatty changes in tubules with inter tubular hemorrhages. The electron microscopy of group 2 showed hypertrophy of Bowman’s capsule, while that of group 4 showed secretary deposits in the cytoplasm. The interaction studies on kidney indicated that high dose of atorvastatin + garlic has negative safety profile when compared with groups having low dose of statin and high dose of garlic.

Keywords

Atorvastatin, garlic, kidney

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B. Anilkumar ¹, A. Gopala Reddy ¹, B. Kalakumar ¹, M. Usha Rani ¹, Y. Anjaneyulu ², T. Raghunandan ³, Y. Ramana Reddy ⁴, K. Jyothi ¹, K. S. Gopi ¹

Affiliations
1 Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
2 Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
3 Livestock Research Institute, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN
4 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, if any, due to feeding of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton plants to sheep. A total of 32 sheep of one year of age belonging to Deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of eight sheep in each group. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet (concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g + green fodder at the rate of 3 kg/sheep/day), group 2 on non-Bt cotton plant at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the rate of 1.5 kg + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/ sheep/day, group 3 on Bt cotton plants (50%) at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the rate of 1.5 + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/sheep/day, and group 4 on Bt cotton plants ad libitum + concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g/sheep/day. All the groups of sheep were maintained for three months and various hemato-biochemical parameters were studied at monthly intervals. The activity of aspartate transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase, and creatine kinase in sera samples, and the concentration of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine did not differ significantly among different groups at different time intervals. The histological examination of liver and kidney did not reveal any significant changes in Bt and non-Bt cotton-fed groups. In conclusion, the results of the present investigation enunciated that feeding of genetically modified (Bt) cotton plants to sheep was without detrimental effects in the biological system of sheep.

Keywords

Bt cotton, sero-biochemistry, sheep

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K. Jyothi , A. Gopala Reddy , Gopi K. S. , B. Anil Kumar , G. Dilip Reddy

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against experimentally-induced renal toxicity due to cyclophosphamide (CYP) in rats. Three groups (2, 3 and 4) of female Wistar Kyoto rats with 6 animals in each group were administered with CYP @ 40 mg/kg bwt on 1^st, 3^rd, 5^th and 7^th day by intraperitoneal route. Group 2 remained as toxic control. Group 3 received NAC from 1^st to 14^th day @ 0.2% of feed and group 4 was treated with NAC from 8^th to 14^th day. Group 1 was maintained on basal diet for 14 days. The study revealed a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the concentration of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls, and a decrease in the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration of kidney. These results are suggestive of CYP-induced oxidative stress resulting in renal damage. Feeding of NAC could not offer protection against CYPinduced renal damage in this study.

Keywords

Cyclophosphamide (CYP), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), Oxidative stress

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